Credits for the images – (L) Many issues of Mahabharata published by Amar Chitra Katha, (C) Logo of the Bujinkan, (R) Symbol of “The Wheel of Time” written by Robert Jordan (Orbit Books), sold by Hachette India

I recently watched the second season of the web series “The Wheel of Time” on Amazon Prime. The second season is a massive improvement over the first and brought back some of the thrill and joy of the books, even though the stories are changed a lot in the series. Growing up, the books of “The Wheel of Time” series, by author Robert Jordan were one of my favourite reads. Robert Jordan is the pen name of James Oliver Rigney Jr. The author passed away before he could complete the massive series. Author Brandon Sanderson, with notes from the author and help from Jordan’s wife Harriet Mcdougal and his team completed the story with aplomb! The series ended in 2013 with 14 large books.

I loved the action sequences in the books, especially the ones with swords. There is also a lot of magic use in the action sequences. Initially, all the magic users are women who belong to an order called the Aes Sedai. As the series progresses, men start using magic too. The women of the Aes Sedai order, who I will refer to as Aes Sedai going forward, just like in the books, have one unique trait. The Aes Sedai swear three oaths that regulate, and limit, their abilities with the magic they use. These oaths are magically enforced and cannot be broken, on pain of death. So, once sworn, the oaths can never be broken. Loopholes are discovered as the series progresses, considering the disadvantages of the oaths, but that is not relevant for the purposes of this article. Most Aes Sedai stick to the oaths even at the end of the series.

One of oaths that is sworn is that the Aes Sedai will never use magic as a weapon, except in self-protection. Aes Sedai are not immune to stealth attacks and ranged weapons. So, most of them have one or more bodyguards called “Warders” to protect them from non-magical attacks. The oath allows them to use magic to protect themselves and their warders, even if it means using the magic as a weapon. I understand this as, the intention behind the use of magic as the key. If it is in self-protection, magic can be used as a weapon. If the use of magic is purely for offensive purposes, an Aes Sedai is prevented from doing the same by the oath.

The Aes Sedai swear this and the other two oaths to mitigate the lack of trust the normal/non-magical populace has towards their order. One consequence of this oath is that in any situation where the Aes Sedai has to protect anyone other than herself or her warder, she has to first actively put herself in danger to trigger the exception to the oath. There are several “forces of darkness” in the series of 14 novels, which can be defeated only by, or safely, only with the help of, or exclusively, with the use of magic.

Consider the following situation. An Aes Sedai is part of a troop of warriors fighting against the forces of darkness. An Aes Sedai has to protect civilians from the forces of darkness. An Aes Sedai is protecting civilians from mundane threats like bandits, highway men, enemy soldiers, mercenaries and the like. In all these situations, the Aes Sedai can only use magic to protect the civilians or soldiers IF AND ONLY IF she is also facing the same threat as they are, and her own life is in danger. In this case she can use magic as a weapon against the attackers, either human or the forces of darkness. If she is not in imminent danger and wants to protect other people, she cannot use magic as a weapon against the attackers. She can only use magic as a shield to protect the people. Alternatively, she can destroy the weapons used by the attackers to the extent possible.

The above limitation on MAGIC AS A WEAPON is also seen in Hindu culture. It is seen for the same reason. To prevent the misuse of the magic weapon and making the wielder of the magic weapon a tyrant, a consequence is always enforced against the user, in case of a blatant misuse of the weapon/magic. Also, the way around this misuse seems to be to actively put oneself in harm’s way. This need to protect oneself is usually the criterion that allows the use of the magic weapon.

This article is about exploring this idea. Of how putting oneself through a really tough time (if not active danger) allows the following.

• Use magical weapons in the tales.
• Human abilities that are not easy to measure or even to teach (ones that our logical minds sometimes might refuse to accept even if we instinctively know they exist, due to the lack of sufficient scientific explanation).

In the Mahabarata, during the 12 years when the Pandavās were living in the forest after losing the game of dice, Arjuna went on a quest to acquire celestial weapons. Celestial weapons are either weapons used by the Gods or weapons into which the powers of the Gods can be imbued. These are weapons with extraordinary powers and destructive capabilities. The destruction they cause in the ranks of any enemy is many magnitudes greater than those of mundane human weapons. The magic the Aes Sedai use, in the quanta of destruction, are similar to the celestial nature of these weapons in the Mahabharata and other Hindu scriptures.

The path to acquiring celestial weaponry is very hard. One has to perform specific activities and austerities, which might include meditative penance. These actions demonstrate to the God who can grant the use of the weapon that the potential wielder possesses the physical, emotional and moral capabilities to gain the use of the same. There might be instances when the wielder is only granted a “one time” use of the weapon, like in the case of Karna, who could use Indra’s Shakti (Indrāstra) only once. It could also be that one is not really desirous of a celestial/divine weapon, but due to the character of the person and the actions he or she performs, is granted the use of a celestial weapon as a boon (vara).

Arjuna can be used as an example of both the ways of acquiring the divine weaponry. Arjuna gained the use of the Pāshupatāstra by impressing Lord Shiva with this meditation and martial prowess (he had to fight Lord Shiva in the form of a Kirāta/hunter). He also gained the use of Indra’s Vajra through penance and meditation, after he proved his abilities by impressing Lord Shiva. This episode happened during the Vanavāsa of the Pandavas. But much earlier in his life Arjuna had gained the Brahmashiras from his guru, Drona. Arjuna had impressed Drona by being his best student. Towards the end of their education, Arjuna saved Drona from a crocodile. This act, along with the character he had demonstrated as a student, impressed Drona enough to make him give the Brahmashiras missile to Arjuna. The Brahmashiras is more powerful compared to the Brahmāstra. It is Brahmāstra to the power of 4, as far as I know.

Image credit – L & R, “Arjuna’s Quest for Weapons, Mahabharata – 20”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Arjuna gained the use of several other divine weapons. But consider the three divine weapons mentioned above. They are all incredibly destructive. Indra’s Vajra is a great weapon, but pales in comparison against the Pāshupatāstra and the Brahmashiras. These two weapons are what we would call weapons of mass destruction in today’s parlance. Either of those, according to the tales, could end all of creation if misused. This leads to the crux of using these weapons.

Image credit – “Enter Drona, Mahabharata – 5”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Image credit – “Enter Drona, Mahabharata – 5”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Drona, when he granted the Brahmashiras to Arjuna told him that it was never to be used against normal foes. It was to be used only against non-human foes, essentially when under great duress. Similarly, when Lord Shiva granted the use of the Pāshupatāstra to Arjuna, he was told to remember to never use it against a foe that was inferior. In both cases, a violation of this rule meant that all of creation could be destroyed by the weapon.

Image credit – “Arjuna in Indraloka, Mahabharata – 21”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Arjuna had to single-handedly defeat the Nivātakavachas and Kālakeyas as a fee in return for the knowledge of the use of the several divine weapons. The Nivātakavachas and Kālakeyas were Dānava enemies of the Devas. They were protected by a boon due to which the Devas could not defeat them*. Only a mortal could defeat them as they were not protected against the same by the boon. Usually, many Dānavās did not claim protection against mortals when they requested boons as they were considered inferior and not a real threat. But they were vulnerable against mortals who were armed with the weapons the Devas could wield. This was the loophole in the boon that was being exploited here.

So, Arjuna set out to fight them. The Nivātakavachas were extremely powerful, and Arjuna was fighting alone. He only had Mātali as his charioteer during this fight. Mātali was Indra’s charioteer and Arjuna had been granted the use of Indra’s chariot. By now Arjuna had access to Indra’s Vajra. The Vajra was so incredibly powerful that he did not consider using it while fighting the Nivātakavachas. This was despite his being alone and vastly outnumbered. Mātali had to be remind him to use the Vajra at this time. Once reminded, Arjuna deployed the Vajra and vast numbers of the Nivātakavachas were destroyed. This episode demonstrates how Arjuna instinctively knew not to resort to a divine weapon in a cavalier manner, even when the odds were heavily against him. This ingrained training in Arjuna was so strong that he needed a reminder to use a divine weapon.

Image credit – “The Reunion, Mahabharata – 22”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Once the Nivātakavachas were defeated, Arjuna set out to defeat the Kālakeyas. They had the ability to carry out aerial attacks as well. Again, Arjuna was alone except for Mātali, facing off against multitudes. The opposition was so incredible that Arjuna thought it safe to deploy the Pāshupatāstra. The deployment of Shiva’s weapon destroyed the Kālakeyas. This is the only use of the Pāshupatāstra that I am aware of. I have seen some say that the Pāshupatāstra was used when Arjuna slew Jayadhrata on the 14^th day of the Kurukshetra war. But I am not sure of this and hence am not using this as an example here.

The Brahmashiras was a weapon that was also in the possession of Ashwatthāma, the son of Drona. Arjuna and Ashwatthāma fought on opposite sides in the great war of Kurukshetra. After the Kauravas, the side Ashwatthāma was on, had been defeated, he killed the remaining forces of the Pandavas at night while they were asleep. This enraged the Pandavas and Bheema went to attack Ashwatthāma. Krishna followed Bheema with Arjuna and Yudishtira realizing that Ashwatthāma might deploy the Brahmashiras despite the warnings against using this weapon against humans. As expected Ashwatthāma used the weapon and Arjuna deployed the same weapon to counter it. Eventually Maharishi Vyasa intervened, and Arjuna withdrew his weapon. Ashwatthāma did not know how to withdraw the weapon and caused misery in the future. For this crime he was cursed and forced to endure the consequences. This is the only time the Brahmashiras was used.

Image credit – L & R, “After the War, Mahabharata – 39”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Consider the conditions under which the three celestial weapons under consideration were used. The Vajra was used when Arjuna was severely outnumbered and under relentless attack. The Pāshupatāstra was used under the exact same circumstances as earlier to which was added aerial attacks by superior foes. Lastly, the Brahmashiras was wrongly deployed against humans by Ashwatthāma. Arjuna deployed the same only to counter a misuse of the weapon. In all of these cases, the divine weapon was used when one’s life or all of creation was in imminent danger, against odds that were insurmountable. The celestial weapon was, for all practical purposes, the factor that balanced the situation and saved the life of user. The Aes Sedai putting themselves in danger to be able to use magic as a weapon, in my opinion, is the same as the conditions imposed on the use of certain celestial weapons in stories from Hindu culture.

Image credit – L & R, “The Reunion, Mahabharata – 22”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

The above examples are all from stories, either modern fantasy literature or from Hindu culture. So, is the act of putting oneself in danger or at least through the ringer useful in modern life? Is there anything good that comes out of putting ourselves though extreme training and fatigue? Can some ability of ours become clear or be unlocked by this kind of activity? I would opine that the answer is a yes.

To be clear, I am not saying that one’s life has to be in danger or even that the potential of physical injury or disability has to be exist. It is just that we do some activity, mainly physical, to exhaust ourselves to a great extent. This opens up a new vista for ourselves; this is what I mean. I will share one aspect, partially based on personal experience to suggest that this is possible even in modern day life.

In a previous article of mine I have described the Sakki test**. This is the test taken to achieve the 5^th Dan in the Bujinkan system of martial arts. The link to this article is seen in the notes below. In brief, it requires the person taking the test to sit in Vajrāsana. A Shihān with a 15^th Dan is standing behind the person taking the test. Both have their eyes closed. The 15^th Dan strikes the head of the person in Vajrāsana with a padded sword (or stick). The person taking the test is expected to move out of the way of the strike by intuitively knowing when the strike happens. This ability to intuitive realize what is happening and survive, by moving spontaneously, is a demonstration of Sakkijutsu. Sakkijutsu refers to the ability to intuitively get a sense of things, and hopefully use this to one’s benefit, typically by moving (or doing anything necessary) without the need for logical thinking.

Sakkijutsu is not a one-time thing that works only during the test. It is something everyone is supposed to use, at all times in one’s life. All of us martial arts’ practitioners and even people with no martial experience use this ability. Everyone has intuitions and people use it unconsciously many a time in their lives. Typically, based on personal experience and the talking I have done about this with people who are not martial artists, this is how Sakkijutsu occurs. People are busy doing something or thinking of something, when out of the blue there is this strong feeling, and they act on it. This act in turn leads to something beneficial. The realization of the feeling is only in hindsight. An example of this can be while driving. One might feel like not overtaking another vehicle, when suddenly a third vehicle zooms past in the path that would have been taken for the overtaking. A potentially risky situation was avoided by the feeling. Another case might be when someone is busy at work, they look at their phone for no reason, and get a call from someone they know or a client.

This is not magic; it is just something most of us do without ever thinking about it. The Bujinkan emphasizes this as part of martial training. I suspect most martial artists use it, whether or not they actively think on it. In a physical conflict a fraction of a second might help avoid injury and this is the reason Sakkijutsu is held in great regard.

In my personal understanding, Sakkijutsu works as a combination of training and life experience. One trains the martial art diligently and lives life by learning as many things as possible. Living through life, we build a large repertoire of experiences. These include multiple physical spaces, times of the day, people, attitudes and feelings associated with all of these in a myriad of combinations. It is these experiences that make one move as one has trained. The trigger for the move is intuition, which is based on an unconscious trigger from the environment we are in, or the people we are around, at a given time, based on life experiences (these include the knowledge gained from various media and the knowledge of others as well). All of this is my own opinion. Others might have different ways of thinking of Sakkijutsu.

Sakkijutsu in daily life happens in far too many ways to be able to explain it easily. If I consider the examples I mentioned above, the intuition will be about something people are not actively thinking about. They might be doing something similar, but not the same. While driving, we do not think of specific vehicles, we consider the spaces on the road. But the intuition might be about a specific vehicle. While working, we might be busy thinking of something work related, but the intuition might be about specific individuals, either at work or among friends and family.

Based on the previous paragraphs, the mind is full of one aspect, but empty of others. The intuition would be about one of these aspects which was absent in the mind. This is the unconscious trigger for the intuition. In other words, when the mind is empty of something, that is likely the thing about which the intuition might occur. In daily life this is fairly easy, as we are all thinking of something or the other, all the time. So, the mind is full of something, but empty of everything thing except that one thing. And therefore, it is always open to intuition.

This is entirely reversed in the Sakki test I described earlier. Everyone, including me, who has passed the test, will say that the way to pass the Sakki test is to keep one’s mind clear or empty. The Sakki test has removed all other senses from the situation, as the eyes are closed, smell and taste are of no help, there is no tactile sense until one is hit on the head. Also, it is too late to move if one assumes one can move based on the sound the 15^th Dan makes while striking. Further, there is the awareness that this is a test. So, one is not thinking of anything except the test at that point in time. This is because, as students, we are raised to focus on the test when taking one. It is also a case of focusing on the task at hand, and in this case it is the Sakki test.

So, external senses are of no use and the one thing that enables intuition, which is to fill the mind with something that is not the aspect that we need the intuition about is not possible! J If we could think of or keep our mind busy with something(s) other than the test, Sakkijutsu will work! But, this being a test, one is busy thinking only of the test! So, that is the one thing that there will NOT BE intuition about. 😀

This is why people say keep the mind empty. If the mind is empty of all things, the Sakki will be there when needed. Similarly, if one can be immersed completely in something other than the test, the intuition is likely to be there as well. But either of these are insanely hard at the time of the test!! But then, it cannot be that hard because everyone gets it in a matter of a few days at best. Once the test is passed, for the rest of one’s life, it is a continuous realization that Sakkijutsu works when one is not actively thinking or looking for it. It works when needed if one can just know that it works without second guessing the same or trying too hard with logical reasoning of trying to explain the same. It is an innate ability that all of us humans possess.

That said, to help each other pass the Sakki test, there is one thing that is done among my Buyu (fellow martial practitioners/martial family) in our dojo. There could be several things and ideas about this in other dojos, I am only referring to our way of thinking here. We usually get the person taking test to train really hard on the day of the test and maybe on the day or two before the same.

The person taking the test is encouraged to train only with her or his senpai (seniors). And the senpai train hard with the person. The intention in the attack is far stronger that it otherwise might be. And any attack is relentless. The person faces a really hard time, and no quarter is given in the training. Of course, there is no major injury in this as the senpai has good self-control. But the threat of one is ever present and minor knocks, chokes, throws etc. are present for sure. The idea is that the person taking the test should feel wrung out by the end of the session when he or she goes to take the Sakki test. Multiple senpai might train with this person to achieve the necessary fatigue.

The level of fatigue at the time of taking the test is such that he or she is too tired to even think at the time of test. In other words, the training has been so intense that the person is just happy to be sitting and not having to survive anymore. Hopefully, this level of fatigue makes the person tired enough to make her or his mind blank, i.e., too tired to think! Thus, the mind is blank and the test can be passed. Once this is done, the experience lasts a lifetime, and the person has the rest of her or his life to fine-tune and improve Sakkijutsu.

Thus, when a person goes up against an opponent who is far superior in experience, the ability to have intuition is unlocked or at least unblocked. This is very similar to putting oneself in danger to gain the ability to use magic, or to be able to use weapons that can nullify extraordinary foes. Of course, intuitive ability is not magic, or divine in nature. But it definitely feels so with hindsight, when one realizes the trouble avoided due to Sakkijutsu in real life. This is true irrespective of whether or one is in an active, recognized conflict.

Of course, I am not suggesting that the fatigue caused in a training session is in anyway equal to one facing certain death or major physical injury. Nor am I equating the situations faced by warriors in real battlefields to a dojo setting. There is no equivalence. But I am suggesting that the situations are similar, and the end results are beneficial. It is something that one can learn from stories and the experiences of real warriors to apply in life. Put oneself through an uncomfortable situation to gain something positive, even if it is just the realization of how lucky one was to get out of that situation. Perhaps the luck itself was Sakkijutsu at work.

I could be off or wrong in my understanding. If someone feels that way, I would gladly welcome alternate points of view. In conclusion, I suggest that this concept of hardship to unlock or reveal abilities has always been known. A reminder of this is what we see in the stories, both old and new.

Notes:

* This sounds like there was a treaty between the Nivātakavachas and Kālakeyas respectively with the Devas, which required mutual non-aggression. Indra could not violate the same. This treaty does not include mortals/Mānavās. So, Indra equipped Arjuna with celestial weaponry (the weapons the Devas would use) and got him to defeat the afore mentioned groups of Dānavas. This is just me speculating with my modern-day sensibilities. I do not have any evidence to support the same.

** Sakkijutsu article

https://mundanebudo.com/2023/08/31/shabdavedi-sakkijutsu-and-why-charioteers-are-awesome/

The previous two articles I posted were related to the festival of Deepāvali and the stories of the Dashāvatāra respectively. The article related to Deepavali was related to the stories about Naraka Chaturdashi and Bali Pādyami. In both the articles I identified concepts from the martial arts in the stories related to the festivals and the Dashāvatāra, and expanded on those. This article is an addition to those two and perhaps the last in the series, where I will try and delve into the last few concepts originating from the first article. A link is seen in the notes below to the two previous articles*.

In the previous article the main concept that I explored was “Issho Khemi”. “Issho Khemi”, based on my experience, was translated as either, “do whatever is necessary” or “do just enough”. Further, I referred to the biography of sword master Yamaoka Tesshu and his way of training the sword, to understand this concept. The biography of Yamaoka Tesshu referred to was ““The Sword of No-Sword: Life of the Master Warrior Tesshu”. I remember the book saying that Tesshu encouraged his students to train hard but did not focus on specific techniques or forms. In other words, in my opinion, he preferred that his students train the sword to use “Issho Khemi”.

Considering that we are referring to swords and doing whatever needs to be done, we need to consider another concept that I have learnt as part of the Bujinkan system of martial arts. This is the concept of “Katsujiken and Satsujiken”. Katsujikan means “the life-taking sword” and Satsujiken means “the life-saving sword”. Simply put, if the sword can be used to do whatever is necessary, the necessity could be, as the situation calls for, to save a life or take a life – Issho Khemi.

There are many ways of understanding “Katsujiken and Satsujiken”. The context in which it is used in reference to a real fight is “if you are not ready to kill, do not draw the sword”. This notion is not unique to Japanese martial arts. I have heard it said with respect to guns as well, where it is said that one should not draw the gun if one is not willing (or ready) to pull the trigger. There is a similar saying with Kalari Payattu as well. Kalari Payattu is the martial art form originating in the state of Kerala.

In Kalari Payattu, there is a saying which goes, “Thodaade Thodaade, thottaal vidaade”. It translates to “do not touch, do not touch; if someone else touches, do not spare that person”. Of course, what is being said is, avoid physical contact in a conflict, but if it is initiated by someone else and there is no choice but to fight, do not spare the other person (opponent). I am sharing a link in the notes below where a Gurukkal (teacher), Dr. S Mahesh, teacher and practitioner of Kalari Payattu makes this statement and explains the same**.

In this context, avoiding the drawing of the blade is one saving the life of the opponent. The objective is to avoid any injury to anyone. So, the sword is not drawn, hoping the situation can be deescalated. To this end, there are forms and techniques that are trained in the Bujinkan system of martial arts where one defends oneself with the sheathed sword. This sometimes looks like forms trained with the hanbo (3 foot staff). This then goes on to forms where the opponent is controlled without drawing the blade completely. The blade is partially unsheathed when necessary to ensure that the opponent realizes that pressing the attack further is detrimental to her or his health and the defender is offering an opportunity to disengage and end the attack. The blade is also sheathed as soon as this message is complete to avoid any escalation. Thus, without drawing the blade (completely), the lives of the attacker(s) and defender are saved. Thus, Satsujiken, the life-saving sword, is achieved.

In case the situation is too far gone and there is no hope of surviving a physical conflict without incapacitating the opponent(s), Katsujiken has to be adhered to. Of course, it does not mean that anyone needs to lose their life. It means causing injury to the attacker(s) is acceptable to survive the physical conflict. Here, to save one’s own life, the life of another might have to be taken; at least physical harm may be caused to someone else. The imperative to cause injury to others might be more urgent when the safety or others is involved. If someone or something being attacked is dear to someone, that person might have to resort to the life-taking sword to save the others, especially if the individuals being attacked cannot escape or do not know how to survive without help.

When a situation calls for Katsujiken, one really needs to let go of thoughts of consequences of causing harm to others and focus on survival. This means being in the moment and doing whatever it takes to survive, with no motivations regarding the future. If one is lucky, this attitude might deescalate a situation and mitigate the need for Katsujiken (if the opponent is wise enough to sense the same).

Of course, it is never really clear when Katsujiken or Satsujiken have to be used. The choice might move from one to the other and depends entirely on the gut feel of the individual(s) involved in the situation at a given time and space. A change in the time, space or people will alter the consequences. Apart from this, hindsight might show what was possibly a better choice, but that is not much use except as experience for a future conflict.

Everyone hopes that Katsujiken is never needed. Satsujiken itself should be a last resort. This is possible with external factors like societal norms and behaviour. Another important aspect that prevents anyone from even considering Katsujiken is the efficiency and effectiveness of the legal and justice system of a place. The effort and negative consequences of having to deal with the legal system itself is huge motivator for people to avoid escalating a conflict to physical levels and then to a case where bodily harm is caused. The punishments one faces for physical harm to others are a deterrent to any life-taking of even injurious actions. This of course, is only possible if the individuals involved in the conflict cannot act with impunity, which means they are not afraid of the legal or other consequences of their violent actions.

Even though Katsujiken and Satsujiken have “ken” at the end which represents a sword, the concept is not restricted to swords. The life-saving and life-taking aspect is with relation to any weapon or even unarmed conflicts. It could perhaps even be expanded to violence which is emotional or intellectual (consider gaslighting, ragging/hazing, demeaning narratives, and the like).

In a previous article where I discussed the festival of Āyudha Pooja, I had mentioned that the word “Āyudha” means weapon. But based on the manner in which the festival is celebrated, “Āyudha” can be any tool. A link to the article where this is discussed in detail is seen in the notes below.⁺ Based on the previous paragraph and the Āyudha Pooja festival, where any tool can be considered a weapon and vice versa, the life-taking and life-saving nature can be attributed to any concept (idea or theory included) or tool applied as a solution in a conflict.

An example of this was seen in my previous article relating to the festival of Deepavali (link to the article in the notes below)*. In that article I had discussed how stealth and deception were the real weapons applied against both Narakāsura and Bali. In the case of Narakāsura the deception was to carry out an unexpected aerial attack against him at night and catching him by surprise. In the case of Bali, the deception was to get him to make a promise that he would not be able to keep and hence be defeated. Both actions were driven by knowledge of the opponents. Bali was honourable and righteous and would never break a promise, guaranteeing his defeat. Narakāsura would never back down from a fight and hence would be slain.

The outcome of the application of deception, however, was completely different in two cases. Bali was defeated without any violence while Narakāsura was killed and many of his troops lost their lives as well. Bali was defeated by the Vāmana avatāra of Vishnu and Narakāsura was killed by the Krishna avatāra. Further, Bali was rewarded by being named the next Indra while Naraka’s name is forever remembered as that of a tyrant. Based on this, the application of deception against Narakāsura is “Katsujiken” or life-taking sword, while it is “Satsujiken” or life-saving sword in the case of Bali. The “ken” or sword in both cases is the concept of deception.

Before the segue into the use of deception against Bali and Narakāsura, I had mentioned how only those involved in a conflict can identify when Katsujiken or Satsujiken is applicable in a given situation. Perhaps even they do not actively think of it in these terms. They “feel” the situation and while going with the flow of the conflict determine the necessary actions. In hindsight the action taken can be classified as either life-taking or life-saving.

So, how do those participating in the conflict identify what the preferred course of action or response is? I opine that the answer is to “listen” to the opponent and therefore the situation. This is not unlike being a good listener in daily life. We all try to be good listeners at work, with friends and with family. The idea is that this will help us identify the actual problem a client is facing and if the people near and dear to us are saying anything that is not explicit in the words being used. In the case of a conflict, specifically a physical one, even if it is a sport, the word “listen” means one should “feel” the fight.

“Feel the fight” or “feel the situation” does not mean just the tactile aspects. It means one should be aware of the opponent(s) and the time and space where the fight is taking place. The word “mindful” can be used instead of “aware” in the previous sentence. One needs “awareness” of a situation, or an individual needs to be “mindful” of a situation. The awareness here includes not only what is happening, but also the intent of the opponent(s) and even the abilities of the same.

In order to be mindful of a situation, during training sessions, it is suggested that one let go of all motivations except to survive. It is suggested that one not try to win, see if a technique works, focus on a given form, try to make the opponent feel bad or anything else. One should focus on Issho Khemi. I discussed this concept in my previous article*. Issho Khmei is to do whatever is necessary to survive.

An example of this, based on my personal understanding, is the is the use of the tachi. The tachi is the curved Japanese sword that was a precursor of the katana. It was worn differently and used very often by cavalry. The tachi also tended to be a bit longer and more curved compared to the later katana, though this is not a hard and fast rule. Also, it was a weapon that came up against Japanese armour (yoroi) often. I was taught by my mentor that since any sword, including the tachi cannot cut through armour, the tachi was not used as a sword.

The yoroi forced the tachi to be used as a hammer or an axe and also as a knife. Additionally, the tachi was used as a lever and a shield as well. The hammer or axe aspect comes as one strikes the opponent with the sword with no guarantee of achieving a cut. This strike allows the sword to be placed somewhere on the armour. Once this positioning is done, one tries to maneuver the tip of the blade into a gap in the armour where a stab can be achieved, fatal or at least debilitating to the opponent. I have been told by some folk with a lot of experience that the initial strike sometimes happened with the back (mune – blunt edge) of the tachi. Also, only the last few inches of this weapon was sharpened to aid in effective stabbing. The rest of it was not necessarily very sharp as it was more for striking and could not cut through armour anyway.

When two opponents in armour and swords go up against one another, they tend to end up grappling. This is because a cut is not possible and a stab in the gaps of the armour is the objective. One of the ways of getting a stab is to get the opponent down and then stab from a dominant position. Also, when the tachi is more a metal rod and less a sword against armour, it is effective as a lever to grapple with and take down an opponent. This is not unlike the way we are taught to use a hanbo in the Bujinkan. Of course, if the sword is a metal rod that can hit, it can also act as a shield to block the same. Thus, the tachi is a staff, axe, hammer and a knife, disguised as a sword.

This same way of using swords is also seen in European martial arts. When armour development improved greatly and full plate harness was used in Europe during the 14^th, 15^th and 16^th centuries, swords also evolved to the new reality where a cut was useless against armour. Swords became more pointed to enable stabbing. A highly specialized stabbing sword called an “Estoc” was developed which had a square or rhomboid cross section, but a very sharp point. This meant that it was a metal rod with a point, so, no cutting at all, but great thrusting. This also enabled half-swording where one could hold the blade at any position with no risk of being cut.

Of course, even when swords were sharp half-swording is possible. The same is true with a tachi. It just depends on learning how to handle a sharp edge. Based on what I have seen of half-swording, they do seem similar to the ways of using a hanbo as well, just like a tachi. All of this can be simplified and explained by considering how we would use an unsheathed sword. In both European and Japanese martial arts, individuals carried a dagger or a tanto for stabbing once both opponents were down. This was more efficient as it was easier to control on the ground, unlike a longer sword. I am personally not aware of any manuals or specific forms from Indian martial arts where armour was considered and grappling was resorted to, to overcome the same. Please do let me know if anyone knows of the same.

The morphing of a sword into a hammer, knife and shield is an example of being aware of the opponent (wearing armour as a simplistic example in this case) and using a tool, sword in this case, however possible, to achieve survival. So, when the tachi is a shield, it is Satsujiken and when it is a hammer or a dagger, it is Katsujiken.

I started off with this example to show how one must be mindful of the situation in a conflict. But when we consider the development of arms and armour over centuries to counter one another, we realize that the duration of a conflict need not be a short one. It could short for individuals, based on how long they are a part of the same. But the conflict itself might go on for durations which last the lifetimes of multiple generations. In this situation, being aware of opponent(s) is something like the Government of a nation always needing to be aware of the threats to its citizens. Here the intelligence gathering arms of the state are the main enablers of being mindful of the world, beyond just the known enemies of state or opponents of government. This is “listening” or “being aware” in perpetuity.

Tales from Hindu culture are replete with the need to be mindful of the opponent(s) abilities. Several avatāras and forms of our Gods and Goddesses were specifically born in that form to counter the ability of a given threat to the world, the threat in most cases being an asura. In my previous article, I have described the purpose of each of the 10 avatāras of Lord Vishnu. The link to this article is seen in the notes below*. I will share specific examples here to elucidate how awareness of the opponent led to the form of God. I am leaving out Narakāsura and Bali as they have already been discussed in great detail above and in an earlier article^* (link in the notes).

Lord Narsimha

The Asura Hiranyakashipu had a boon (vara) due to which he could not be killed by any man or animal, inside or outside, during the day or during the night. Lord Vishnu took the form of Narasimha to specifically exploit the loopholes in the boon. The boon is the armour/ability in this case and the loophole in the boon is the gap in the armour that can be exploited. Narasimha was neither man not animal, he was both. He killed Hiranyakashipu on the threshold, which is neither inside nor outside, at twilight, which is neither day nor night.

Image credit – “Prahlad”, published by Amar Chitra Katha

Devi Durga

The Asura Mahishāsura had a boon which specifically protected him from all living beings except women. He believed no woman could harm him and hence did not ask for protection from them at the time of requesting the boon. Devi Durga is a form of Devi Parvati or Shakti who came into being to eliminate Mahishāsura. Durga received the weapons of all the Gods which made her the greatest warrior. Mashisha had no protection against Durga as she was a woman and with her martial abilities, she destroyed Mahishāsura.

Image credit – “Tales of Durga” (Kindle edition), published by Amar Chitra Katha

Lord Karttikeya

The Asura Tāraka had a boon due to which only a son of Lord Shiva could defeat him. Lord Shiva was in deep meditation and had no wife at the time the boon was granted. Hence, there was no one who could threaten Tāraka. Eventually Devi Parvati married Lord Shiva and Lord Karttikeya was born of them. He eliminated Tārakāsura. I am cutting the story really short here!

Image credit – “Karttikeya” (Kindle edition), published by Amar Chitra Katha

The above just a very small set of the examples from Hindu culture of being aware of the abilities of the opponent to be able to overcome the threat. I would strongly encourage everyone to read the stories in full. They are a very enriching experience. Hindu tradition is literally chock full of examples that are constant reminders of the need to be mindful of any given situation.

Since we are speaking of identifying a gap or an opening in the armour or ability of an opponent, and the notion in this article is originating from the Bujinkan, which is Japanese in origin, I must share the beautifully poetic words to express this concept. Tsuki, in Japanese, is to punch. Suki is the hole or opening that can be punched. So, many stories from Hindu tradition are all about “Suki to Tsuki”. Identify a Suki or opening to Tsuki, or punch. In other words, find an opening and attack it, exactly like the avatāras did.

Staying with Japanese culture, there are legends of the Muramasa and Masamune blades from medieval Japan. I am not aware of all the stories associated with these swords, but I am sharing a gist of what I know. Blades made by the swordsmith Masamune were supposed to be blades that saved lives. Swords made by the swordsmith Muramasa were supposed to be cursed. They always took lives and brought misfortune to the owners of the same. I have heard some opinions that Muramasa was an apprentice of Masamune’s.

One interesting story about these is about the comparison of which sword was sharper. A sword by both Masamune and Muramasa were left suspended in a stream to check which was a sharper blade. The Masamune blade did not harm any fish swimming past. The fish avoided the sword and never swam into the dangling blade. Vegetation that floated past was cut effortlessly. However, with the Muramasa blade, fish swam into the blade were cleaved effortlessly. But vegetation got tangled on the blade and was not cut. I could be wrong about the details of the story, but I hope the essence that one was a life-saving blade while the other was a life-taking blade is clear. Muramasa is Katsujiken, Masamune is Satsujiken.

There is a manga (Japanese comics) called “Crying Freeman”. In one volume of this manga, the protagonist gets possession of a Muramasa sword and is subject to misfortune⁺⁺. His wife believes that the Muramasa sword brings misfortune because people try to get rid of it and not learn to use it. She feels that the blade needs its owner to learn to use it in the best manner possible. So, she takes up this responsibility and trains with the Muramasa blade. Send turns out to be right and the string of bad luck ceases. I think this is a wonderful take on learning to be mindful, even of inanimate objects!

Since we are referring to pop culture by discussing manga, I will share one beautiful description of the concept of “do not draw if you are not ready to kill”. In the second novel of the acclaimed science fiction series “The Expanse”, titled “Caliban’s War”, there is face off followed by a shoot-out. Two groups, one of the protagonists who are heavily armed with guns and another of a group of security personnel who are similarly armed are facing off against each other.

Neither wants to start shooting but both are extremely suspicious of the other and on a hair trigger response. One of the protagonists, who has no combat experience, based on his viewing of movies, thinks he can threaten the other group into withdrawal and cocks his gun. This immediately triggers a shoot out and all the security personnel have to be killed. Later one of the protagonists relieves the non-combatant of his weapon and explains that any one with real combat experience assumes that a cocked gun is a prelude to a definite firing of the same and will not wait to see what happens next, they will simply shoot. The person who did it had no idea of this and cost several lives in a tragic and inadvertent situation. I believe the character in the novel who starts the shoot out accidentally is Praxidike Meng.

One last point before we conclude this post. I mentioned earlier in this article that societal norms and a robust legal and justice system can be a deterrent to violence. In other words, there is a systemic incentivizing of Satsujiken over Katsujiken. There is a Sanskrit phase that says “Dharmo Rakshatih Rakshitaha”. It means “Dharma protects those that protect it”. Dharma can be “the right thing to do”. It can also be “that which sustains”^&.

If there is a set of rules and practices put in place by a system and this system by efficient and effective performance mitigates violence in society, then that system could be a Dharma. Individuals who follow the system by not violating the rules are upholding the Dharma. In turn, the Dharma or system protects those that follow the rules, or laws. Individuals are protected as those that might consider violence against others are discouraged by the knowledge that they have to bear the brunt of the system if they violate the law (rules). This makes the violators ones that do not protect Dharma. Thus it is a symbiotic relationship; follow the rules to protect the Dharma, and the system, Dharma, protects you because when everyone follows the same, there can be no violation, and hence no violence.

Here, both definitions of Dharma hold good. If one considers Dharma to be “the right thing to do”, following the system/Dharma is the right thing for people to do. Similarly, the right thing for the Dharma/system to do is protect those that practice it. If one considers Dharma as “that which sustains”, the system/Dharma can only be sustained if people practice it. By practicing it, practitioners are letting the Dharma/system sustain them as it protects them from violence and hence get on with lives with less fear.

With that observation, I conclude this series of 3 articles starting with the one about Deepavali. The festival of Deepavali and the Dashāvatāra are indeed a treasure trove of concepts that lead to a plethora of learning from the martial arts.

Notes:

* Deepavali – Light on the Martial Arts

Deepavali – Light on the Martial Arts

* Dashāvatāra & Budo, Part 1 – Issho Khemi

Dashāvatāra & Budo, Part 1 – Issho Khemi

** Link to the video where the statement is made by Gurukkal, Dr. S Mahesh – watch between the 22^nd and 25^th minute mark

⁺ https://mundanebudo.com/2023/10/23/aayudha-pooja-vijayadashami-the-most-important-festivals-for-the-martial-arts/

^& I am taking this definition of “Dharma” from the book “Mahabharata Unravelled” by Ami Ganatra. The link to the book is seen below

⁺⁺ Link to “Crying Freeman Volume 3”

https://www.amazon.in/Crying-Freeman-3-Kazuo-Koike/dp/1593074891/ref=sr_1_1?crid=311ADMT6QJ85G&keywords=crying+freeman+vol+3&qid=1701959502&sprefix=crying+freeman+vol+3%2Caps%2C202&sr=8-1